Qt uses FontConfig to abstract away the management of actual font files, multiple font directories, substitutions, user preferences etc. AFAICT there is no way to obtain the underlying font file (*.ttf for example) through Qt.
1. The directory returned by default is somewhere you can place fonts and FontConfig will generally find them. It is "~/.fonts" on my machines. If it does not exist that FontConfig path is simply ignored. See /etc/fonts/fonts.conf or the equivalent on your machine to see where FontConfig looks for fonts.
2. As the docs say, rawName() returns an empty string if FontConfig is in use, and XLFD string otherwise. It does not return a file path.
Why do you need to do this?
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