What is missing here?
libGL.so.1

Probably your docker configuration doesn't contain the OpenGL library, you haven't configured docker correctly so it can find the shared libraries at runtime, you have built and linked your application (or Qt) against a different OpenGL version than you have installed on CentOS, or any number of things.

This doesn't sound like a Qt problem, it sounds like a docker problem. You should post your question on a docker forum if there is one.